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Define Joint Properties

To define Joint properties, select Define Joints Define Joints icon from the toolbar or the Properties menu. In the Define Joint Properties dialog, the Slip Criterion, Stiffness, Additional Pressure, and Stage Joint Properties can be defined. Each section is described in detail on this page, along with additional options of Initial Joint Deformation, Apply SSR, and Mesh Conforming

After the joint properties are defined in the Define Joint Properties dialog, they can then be assigned to the following entities in RS2:

  • Explicitly modeled joint boundaries created with the Add Joint option in the Boundaries menu
  • Composite liners which include slip (i.e. an implicitly defined joint between two layers of the composite)
  • Structural Interface support (which always includes an implicitly defined joint on both sides of the support element)
  • A network of joint boundaries created with the Add Joint Network option

The following joint properties can be defined.

Slip Criterion

The following options are available for the joint slip criterion.

  • None
  • Mohr-Coulomb
  • Barton-Bandis
  • Geosynthetic Hyperbolic
  • Hyperbolic Softening
  • Material Dependent
  • Displacement Dependent

If the Slip Criterion = None, then joints will behave elastically, according to the normal and shear joint stiffness. Plastic slip cannot occur.

The Mohr-Coulomb, Barton-Bandis, Geosynthetic Hyperbolic Hyperbolic Softening, Material Dependent, and Displacement Dependent models are described below. If Slip Criterion is set to one of these models then local joint slip can occur if the shear stress on a joint element exceeds the shear strength as defined by the Slip Criterion parameters.

Slip Criterion = Mohr-Coulomb

The Mohr-Coulomb Slip Criterion parameters are:

  • Cohesion
  • Friction Angle
  • Tensile Strength

Residual Strength

If you select the Residual Strength check box for the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, you can define residual values of tensile strength, cohesion and friction angle. The residual strength parameters will be in effect if joint slip or tensile failure occurs (i.e. peak strength envelope has been exceeded).

Dilation

Dilation will take place only when joint is at slip. You can define the dilation angle to account for the dilation effect. The minimum and maximum shear displacement (D min and D max), and directional dilation can also be specified.

For more information about residual strength and dilation for Mohr-Coulomb joints, see Verification #23 in the RS2 Joint Verification Manual.

Slip Criterion = Barton-Bandis

The Barton-Bandis Slip Criterion parameters are:

  • JCS
  • JRC
  • Residual Friction Angle

The original Barton equation for the shear strength of a rock joint is given by Eqn.1:

Barton equation for the shear strength of a rock joint Eqn.1

where Basic friction angle of the failure surface variable is the basic friction angle of the failure surface, JRC is the joint roughness coefficient, and JCS is the joint wall compressive strength [Barton, 1973, 1976]. On the basis of direct shear test results for 130 samples of variably weathered rock joints, this was later revised to Eqn.2:

Barton equation for the shear strength of a rock joint Eqn.2

where Residual friction angle variable is the residual friction angle of the failure surface [Barton and Choubey, 1977]. Barton and Choubey suggest that Residual friction angle variable can be estimated from Eqn.3:

Residual friction angle equation Eqn.3

where r is the Schmidt hammer rebound number on wet and weathered fracture surfaces and R is the Schmidt rebound number on dry unweathered sawn surfaces. Equations 2 and 3 have become part of the Barton-Bandis criterion for rock joint strength and deformability [Barton and Bandis, 1990].

For further information on the shear strength of discontinuities, including a discussion of the Barton-Bandis failure criterion parameters, see Practical Rock Engineering (Chapter 4: Shear Strength of Discontinuities) on the Rocscience website.

Residual Strength

If you select the Residual Strength check box for the Barton-Bandis criterion, the residual strength will be given by:

Residual strength equation Eqn.4

(i.e. if joint slip occurs, the JRC and JCS component of the joint shear strength will be set to zero and the shear strength will depend only on the residual friction angle and the normal stress).

Slip Criterion = Geosynthetic Hyperbolic

The Geosynthetic Hyperbolic slip criterion can be used for modeling the shear strength of the interface between a geosynthetic (e.g. geotextile or geogrid) and soil.

The Geosynthetic Hyperbolic slip criterion is defined by the following equation:

The Geosythetic Hyperbolicslip criterion equation Eqn. 5

This equation was derived from a study of the constitutive behaviour of geosynthetic interfaces [ Esterhuizen, Filz & Duncan (2001) ], and has been found to characterize the shear strength of soil / geosynthetic interfaces, and other types of interfaces. Note the definition of the adhesion and friction angle parameters:

  • Adhesion Adhesion variable is defined as the shear strength at Value where adhesion is defined as the shear strength (i.e. the Adhesion for a Hyperbolic shear strength envelope is actually the limiting, maximum shear strength, for high normal stress).
  • Friction angle Friction angle variable is defined as the friction angle at value where friction angle is defined.

The following figure illustrates a hyperbolic shear strength envelope.

Hyperbolic shear strength envelope

Hyperbolic shear strength envelope

In addition to the peak values of Adhesion and Friction Angle, you may also define residual values of Adhesion and Friction Angle. The residual values will be used in the analysis if the peak strength has been reached. If you do not wish to consider residual strength, then enter zero for these parameters.

NOTE: in order to use the Geosynthetic Hyperbolic slip criterion for modeling geosynthetics, you must use the Structural Interface option to define the geosynthetics. This will automatically create a joint on either side of the geosynthetic. See the Structural Interface Overview for more information.

Slip Criterion = Hyperbolic Softening

The Hyperbolic Softening joint model was developed based on the geosynthetic Hyperbolic slip criterion.

In addition to the mentioned Geosynthetic Hyperbolic slip criterion parameters mentioned above, the following parameters are required for the model: residual friction angle Residual friction angle variable , residual adhesion Residual adhesion variable , initial curve of the stress-strain displacement from experiment (k) and the plastic shear displacement that must take place to reach the residual strengthResidual strength variable

Slip Criterion = Material Dependent

If the Joint Slip Criterion = Material Dependent, then the joint strength (and optional stiffness) will be derived from the soil or rock materials through which the joint passes. The Material Dependent option is applicable if the soil or rock materials use the Mohr-Coulomb or Hoek-Brown strength options. It is not applicable for the Cam Clay strength options.

The material dependent joint strength is defined in terms of an Interface Coefficient which is used as a multiplier for the cohesion and friction angle of the surrounding material. The Interface Coefficient (Ci) is applied as follows to determine the joint cohesion and friction angle from the material cohesion and friction angle:

Cjoint = Ci * Csoil

Phi = ArcTan (tan(Phisoil)* Ci)

Residual joint strength parameters are similarly determined from the residual soil/rock strength parameters, if the surrounding material has failed. For Hoek-Brown materials, equivalent values of cohesion and friction angle are first determined, and then the interface coefficient is applied to determine joint strength.

NOTE: material dependent joint stiffness can also be defined as described below.

Slip Criterion = Displacement Dependent

If the Joint Slip Criterion = Displacement Dependent, the failure criteria will still be Mohr Coulomb, but the strength parameters are dependent on shear displacements. The shear displacements and their strength parameters can be inputted in a tabular form. The strength parameters are:

  • Cohesion
  • Friction Angle
  • Tensile Strength

Normal & Shear Joint Stiffness

Each joint element has a normal and a shear spring stiffness which relate the normal and shear stress on the element to the normal and shear displacement.

Joint stiffness is usually not a well known parameter. Methods of estimating joint stiffness have been derived, see the Estimating Joint Stiffness topic for two possible methods (one method is based on the properties of the joint infilling material, the other is based on the deformation properties of the rock mass and the intact rock).

Material Dependent Joint Stiffness

If the Joint Slip Criterion = Material Dependent (see above for description) then the joint stiffness (and strength) can be defined with respect to the surrounding material properties, using a multiplying coefficient. The Material Dependent joint stiffness coefficient is optional, and can be defined by selecting the Material Dependent Stiffness option and entering a Stiffness Coefficient (Cs).

RS2 uses a zero thickness joint element thus in order to maintain numerical stability and realistic behaviour, the stiffness coefficient is applied as follows to determine the normal and shear joint stiffness based on the material modulus:

Ks = Cs * Young's Modulus soil;

Kn = 10 * Ks

These values were found adequate for most applications; however, material dependent joint stiffness is optional, and the user can input the stiffness values manually if required.

Initial Joint Deformation

Initial Joint Deformation refers to how the joint behaves in regard to the far field stresses.

  • If the Initial Joint Deformation is ON, then the joint will deform based on both the far field stresses and the induced stresses due to any excavations. As a result, the stress field in the vicinity of the joint will be altered from the initial far field distribution. This will be evident if you run an analysis with a joint only (i.e. no excavations).
  • If Initial Joint Deformation is OFF, then a single joint, with no excavation, has no effect at all (try running this). With no Initial Joint Deformation, only the induced stresses from the presence of an excavation or an external load, can cause joint deformation.

Additional Pressure

The Additional Pressure section allows you to apply a pressure within the joint, which will act normal to the joint boundary. The following options are available.

Apply Pore Pressure

If you select this check box, then any water pressure within the joint due to groundwater will be accounted for in the joint analysis. This option is applicable if you are using any of the three Groundwater Methods available in RS2 - Piezometric Lines, Water Pressure Grid or Finite Element Analysis.

Apply Additional Pressure inside Joint

If you select this check box, additional pressure can be applied within the joint. This additional pressure can be used to simulate the pressure due to hydraulic fracturing for example. To do it, you can either define a (constant) value of pressure, or select a defined Piezometric Line.

Apply Pressure to Liner Side Only

By default, when you apply the Additional Pressure options, the resulting pressure (load) is applied to BOTH sides of the joint. However, there are circumstances when the additional pressure should only be applied to ONE side of the joint.

Select the checkbox to enable the option. However, this option will impact the model ONLY when all of the conditions are met:

  1. The Use effective stress analysis option in Project Setting is off.
  2. The joint must be a component of either a Composite Liner or a Structural Interface.
  3. The material adjacent to the joint/liner must be soil or other porous material with groundwater pore pressure in effect (i.e. effective stress).
  4. You are applying Additional Pressure using one of the above options (Apply Pore Pressure or Apply Additional Pressure inside Joint).

Under these circumstances, if you select this check box, then the load represented by the groundwater pore pressure in the joint, will ONLY be applied to the side of the joint which is adjacent to the liner. The side of the joint adjacent to the solid elements will NOT have the additional pressure load applied, since the groundwater pore pressure is already accounted for in the solid elements. If your model fits these criteria, then you should use this option.

The option is NOT applicable and should NOT be used under any of the following circumstances:

  1. The Use effective stress analysis option in Project Setting is on.
  2. The material adjacent to the joint/liner is hard rock (no pore pressure considered within the solid elements). In this case, the pressure inside the joint should be applied to BOTH sides of the joint (i.e. liner AND solid elements) and the Use effective stress analysis option in Project Setting is off.
  3. Joints which are NOT a component of a Composite Liner or Structural Interface (e.g. a joint boundary).
  4. Neither any of the Additional Pressure options is in use (Apply Pore Pressure or Apply Additional Pressure inside Joint).

Permeable / Impermeable Joint

If the Groundwater Method (in Project Settings) = Steady State FEA or Transient FEA (finite element analysis), then a Permeable check box option will appear in the Joint Properties dialog. By default this check box is selected (turned ON) in which case groundwater seepage can flow freely across the joint boundary.

If you turn the Permeable check box OFF, then the joint boundary will become an impermeable boundary for the purposes of the groundwater seepage analysis. This option allows you to define a "no flow" boundary for finite element groundwater seepage analysis.

Stage Joint Properties

The properties of a joint can be modified at different stages of a multi-stage model, by selecting the Apply Stage Factors checkbox under the Stage Joint Properties tab in the Define Joint Properties dialog. Any of the parameters entered in the Define Joint Properties dialog, can be increased or decreased by user-defined factors at different stages.

To apply stage factors:

  1. Select the Define button beside Stage Factors option, you will be prompted to a dialog.
  2. In the Staged Joint Properties dialog, the parameters entered in the Define Joint Properties dialog are listed, with a default stage factor of 1.
  3. Select the Add Stage button, until the number of rows in the dialog, is equal to the number of stages at which you need to modify the material properties. For example:
    • If you need to modify material properties at 3 different stages, then select Add Stage TWICE, so that a total of 3 rows appears in the dialog.
  4. In each row, enter the required factor(s) which will be used to modify the indicated parameter(s). Note:
    • The factors are multiplied by the parameter values in the Define Joint Properties dialog.
    • For example: if you want to increase Normal Stiffness by 20%, enter a Factor of 1.2 for Normal Stiffness, at the desired stage(s)
    • Leave the Factor = 1 for any parameter which does not change value
  5. A summary of joint property values and changes will be displayed at the right of the dialog.
  6. When finished, select OK to apply and exit the dialog.

Allow slip starting from stage

The Allow slip starting from stage option allows you to specify that joint slip (i.e. inelastic yield) cannot occur before a specified stage. To use this option, enter the stage at which the joint is allowed to slip. Note that elastic displacements may still occur before this stage.

Apply SSR

The Apply SSR option for joints is ONLY available if you are carrying out a Shear Strength Reduction (SSR) analysis (i.e. the Determine Strength Reduction Factor check box is selected in the Project Settings dialog).

Furthermore, the Apply SSR option will only be available if the joint Slip Criterion is Mohr-Coulomb, Barton-Bandis, Geosynthetic Hyperbolic, Hyperbolic Softening, or Displacement Dependent. (It cannot be applied for None or Material Dependent slip criteria).

The Apply SSR option for joints has the following purpose:

  • By default, if you are carrying out an SSR analysis with RS2, the strength reduction is ONLY applied to the material strength parameters (i.e. rock or soil types which have plastic material strength properties).
  • The strength reduction is NOT applied to joint strength properties (i.e. joints will retain their original strength properties during the SSR analysis).
  • If you want the SSR analysis to be applied to joints, then select the Apply SSR check box for the desired joint type(s). The SSR analysis will then be applied to material AND joint properties. By default, the Apply SSR option for joints is always OFF.

Mesh Conforming

If the Use XFEM option is selected (under Solver Options tab in Project Settings dialog), then a Mesh Conforming (not applicable to joint networks) checkbox option will appear in the Joint Properties dialog.

XFEM is a mesh independent method for modelling joints. Mesh will not be conforming with joint elements, and joint elements will be analyzed implicitly.

To conform mesh with joint while Use XFEM option is on, you can select the Mesh Conforming (not applicable to joint networks) option this dialog. Note that this option only applies to individual joints, NOT applicable to joint networks.

For more information about XFEM, see the RS2 Theory Manual: XFEM and RS2 Verification Manual: XFEM.

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